The founder of Liberty Fund, Pierre F. Goodrich, had a long standing interest in the Great Books program which goes back to the creation of the Great Books Foundation in 1947 by Dr. Robert M. Hutchins, the chancellor of the University of Chicago. Goodrich was a member of the Foundation’s National Board between 1947 and 1955 and was Chairman of the Indiana State Committee of the Foundation.[1] However, Goodrich had a falling out with the National Board over the kind of texts which should be included on their list of “Great Books”. Given his interest in political, economic, and individual liberty, Goodrich had a more political focus than his colleagues, so in 1957 he began to plan a way to implement his own version of the Great Books, which would become in effect “The Great Books of Liberty” and which would become a core component of the OLL online collection of texts.
His vision took the form of a seminar room which he paid to be built in the Lilly Library at Wabash College, Indiana. The names of the authors on his list of great books (along with some names of texts) would be engraved on the wall of a large seminar room which had an oval table in the centre and book cases around the perimeter of the room. The list of names and titles ended with the American Declaration of Independence of 1776. The two images below will give some idea of what it looks like.
Goodrich’s intent in designing the room in this way is well described by Hans Eicholz:[2]
The room provides the students of Wabash College with a practical tool for understanding and interpreting the historical evolution of the idea of individual liberty. Etched into limestone slabs set in its walls are important names and developments of significance in the history of freedom that stretch back in time from the Declaration of Independence to the epic story of Gilgamesh and the Sumerian reforms of Urukagina of Lagash in the third millennium B.C. The room itself is of grand proportions, as it must be to accommodate the great span of time over which the idea of liberty developed: thirty-eight feet from north to south and fifty feet from east to west. The ceiling is eighteen feet high with inset lights that illuminate the discussion table below and the stone inscriptions on the walls.
Beneath the limestone inlays Mr. Goodrich placed the primary works and histories of each entry plus other writings that have contributed significantly to our understanding of liberty. The collection of books thus extends the story of humankind’s struggle against tyranny well beyond the Declaration of Independence and into the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
In the middle of this vast collection of materials is a large oval table that can be broken down into smaller stations to accommodate conversation groups of various sizes. When one considers the room as a whole, the intent of its designer becomes evident: the idea of liberty, which was developed and transmitted from generation to generation, is seen as a long historical conversation of which the students themselves are a part.
The lighting of the room first calls the student’s attention to the walls, where he or she views in brief the long chain of names and dates. Then, wherever his interest may draw him, the student is encouraged to explore further by consulting the appropriate books below the etchings. And should other students be present, the table and chairs invite them to converse about the subjects at hand.
As noted by Mr. Goodrich in the introductory letter following this foreword, the whole chamber forms a link between the present and the past in the exploration of liberty. In the hands of an able teacher, the potential of the room is tremendous. Those who use the Goodrich Seminar Room as its founder intended immediately sense that they are indeed part of a long conversation that includes not only those who sit around the table but also all those whose works are on the shelves and whose names are etched into the surrounding walls.
We have tried to show the relationship between the names on the four walls of the Goodrich Seminar Room here.
In addition to the names on the walls of the Goodrich Seminar Room, Goodrich drew up other lists of great books and authors from time to time. In the list of texts provided below we use the following abbreviations to indicate which list the author or title came from:
“GSR” for those names and titles which appear on the walls of the Goodrich Seminary Room at Wabash College (there are about 100)
“Other” for those names which appeared on other lists Goodrich drew up from time to time
“ADD.” for those “additional” names we have added from books published by Liberty Fund or on whom Liberty Fund has organized academic conferences.
What makes Goodrich’s list of the “Great Books” a bit unusual is that he begins with ancient India, China, and Sumeria, which shows that he was interested in more than just the “western tradition”; he has a larger number of medieval authors than one might have expected; he stops (at least in the Goodrich Seminar Room) with the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and not, again as one might have expected, with the American Constitution; that there is a relative paucity of texts from the 18th and 19th centuries.
Please note, that our lists of texts for the 19th and 20th centuries are more political and economic in their focus than the previous eras.
The Great Books of Liberty
List of Historical Periods
Ancient Asia
Ancient Greece
Ancient Rome
The Medieval Period
Renaissance and Reformation
Early Modern Period
18th Century
19th Century
20th Century and Beyond
Ancient Asia [other authors from this period]
China
Author Source Other Guides
Confucius (551 BC-479 BC)
The Analects
GSR
Lao Tzu (c. 570 BC)
The Texts of Taoism
GSR
Mencius (371-289 BC)
Life and Teachings
GSR
Mo Tzu (c. 470-391 BC)
GSR
Shih Ching (520 BC)
GSR
India
Author Source Other Guides
Bhagavadgita (c. 200 BC)
GSR
Buddha (6thC BC)
The Gospel of Buddha
GSR
Mahabharata (1400-1000 BC)
The Ramayana and the Mahabharata
GSR
Rigveda
A Vedic Reader for Students
GSR
Upanishads (c. 1000-650 BC)
The Thirteen Principal Upanishads
GSR
Sumeria and Middle East
Author Source Other Guides
Ur-Nammu (ca. 2050 B.C.)
Code
GSR
Gilgamesh
Epich of Gilgamesh
GSR
Hammurabi’s Code (1792 BC-1750 BC)
Code
GSR
Old Testament
Isaiah (8thC BC) – text
Jeremiah (7th-6thC BC) – text
Job (6thC BC) – text
Moses (13thC BC) – Genesis, Exodus, Deuteronomy
Psalms (King David)
Hosea – text
Micah – text
Amos (8thC BC) – text
Samuel – text
GSR
Moses
Amos
Hosea
Isaiah
Jeremia
Job
Micah
Psalms
Urukagina (c. 2350 BC)
Code
GSR
Zarathushtra (628 BC-522 BC)
The Teachings of Zoroaster
GSR
Ancient Greece [other authors from this period]
Author Source Other Guides
Aeschylus (525 BC-456 BC)
The Lyrical Dramas of Aeschylus
Prometheus Bound
GSR
Archimedes (c. 284-211 BC)
Works
GSR
Aristophanes (446-386 BCE)
The Comedies
ADD.
Aristotle (384 BC-322 BC)
Nicomachean Ethics
The Politics
Poetics
GSR
Euclid (c. 365-300 BC)
Elements
GSR
Herodotus (484-425 BCE)
The History
ADD.
Hesiod (c. 700 BC-c. 700 BC)
Poems
Works and Days
GSR
Hippocrates (c. 460-377 BC)
Writings
GSR
Homer (9thC BC-9thC BC)
The Iliad
The Odyssey
GSR
Plato (427c BC-347 BC)
The Republic
Dialogs
The Laws
GSR
Socrates (470 BC-399 BC)
Dialogs of Plato
Apology, Crito, Gorgias, Meno
GSR
Sophocles (496 BC-406 BC)
The Tragedies
Antigone
GSR
Thales (624-546 B.C.)
History of Greek Mathematics
GSR
Thucydides (460c BC-400 BC)
The Peloponnesian Wars
GSR
Ancient Rome [other authors from this period]
Author Source Other Guides
Ambrose (339-397)
On the Mysteries and the Treatise on the Sacraments
GSR
Augustine, Saint (354-430)
Confessions
The City of God
Concerning the Teacher
On Music
GSR
Aurelius, Marcus (121-180)
The Meditations
ADD.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106BC-43BC)
On Moral Duties
Treatise on the Commonwealth
Treatise on the Laws
GSR
Epictetus (55-135)
Discourses
GSR
Gaius (130-180)
Institutes of Roman Law
GSR
Galen (129-199)
Writings
GSR
Origen (185-254)
Contra Celsum
De Principiis
GSR
New Testament
Jesus Christ (3 BC-30)
Matthew, Saint (1stC) – text
Mark, Saint (1stC) – text Paul, Saint (10-67) – text
John, Saint (1stC) – text
Luke, Saint (1stC) – text
GSR
Jesus Christ
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Paul
Plotinus (205-270)
Ethical Treatises
GSR
Plutarch (46c.-125)
The Morals
The Lives
GSR
Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (56-120)
Annals
History
GSR
Virgil (70 BC-19 BC)
The Aeneid
The Georgics
GSR
The Medieval Period [other authors from this period]
Author Source Other Guides
Anselm, Saint (1033-1109)
Proslogium
Monologium
GSR
Aquinas, St. Thomas (1225-1274)
Summa Theologica
Summa contra gentiles
Of the Teacher
Treatise on Laws
GSR
Averroes (Ibn Rushd) (1126-1198)
Tractacta
GSR
Avicenna (980-1037)
Writings on Philosophy
Writings on Medicine
GSR
Bede, Saint (672-735)
Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation
GSR
Benedict, Saint (480-547)
The Rule of St. Benedict
GSR
Beowulf (8thC-)
The Tale of Beowulf
GSR
Boethius (470-524)
The Consolation of Philosophy
GSR
Chaucer, Geoffrey (c. 1340-1400)
Troilus and Criseyde
The Canterbury Tales
GSR
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
The Divine Comedy
De Monarchia
GSR
Francis, Saint (1181-1226)
Writings
GSR
Al Ghazali (1058-1111)
The Alchemy of Happiness
GSR
Groot, Gerhard (1340-1384)
Writings
GSR
Heimskringla (1220)
The Heimskringla
GSR
Kalidasa (5thC-5thC)
Shakuntala
GSR
Thomas á Kempis (1380-1471)
The Imitation of Christ
Other
Magna Carta (1215)
Magna Carta
GSR
LM: Justin Champion, “Magna Carta after 800 Years” (May, 2015)
Maimonides, Moses (1135-1204)
A Guide for the Perplexed
GSR
Mohammed (570-632)
The Quran
GSR
Petrarca, Francesco (1304-1374)
Sonnets
GSR
Rhazes (ca. 865-923/32)
The Spiritual Physic
GSR
Roman (Gregorian) chant
Gregorian Chant
GSR
Saga of Burnt Njal (c. 13thC)
Saga
GSR
Wyclife, John (1330-1384)
Tracts and Treatises
GSR
Gerard Zerbolt (1367-1398)
The Imitation of Christ
Other
The Renaissance and Reformation [other authors from this period]
Author Source Other Guides
Boetie, Etienne de la (1530-1563)
The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude (1576)
ADD.
Calvin, John (1509-1564)
The Institutes of the Christian Religion
Commentaries on the Epistles of Paul
GSR
Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543)
On the revolution of celestial spheres (1543)
GSR
Erasmus, Desiderius (1469-1536)
The Colloquies
The Complaint of Peace
In Praise of Folly
GSR
PP with Machiavelli, The Prince (1513)
Huss, Jan (1372-1417)
The Church
GSR
Luther, Martin (1483-1546)
The 95 Theses
Commentary on Galatians
An Open Letter to the Christian Nobility
A Prelude on the Babylonian Captivity of the Church
A Treatises on Christian Liberty
Hymns
GSR
Machiavelli, Niccolo (1469-1527)
The Prince (1513)
History of Florence (1525)
Discourses on Livy (1517)
Other
PP with Erasmus, The Education of a Christian Prince (1515)
Melanchthon, Philipp (1497-1560)
The Loci Cummunes (1521)
GSR
Montaigne, Michel de (1533-1592)
Essays
ADD.
More, Thomas (1478-1535)
Utopia (1516)
ADD.
Reformation Chorale
Luther’s Hymns
Bach’s Chorals
GSR
Savonarola, Girolamo (1452-1498)
The Triumph of the Cross (1497)
GSR
Zwingli, Huldrych (1484-1531)
Selected Works
GSR
Early Modern Period [other authors from this period]
Author Source Other Guides
Bacon, Francis (1561-1626)
The Advancement of Learning (1605)
New Atlantis (1627)
ADD.
Bayle, Pierre (1647-1706)
Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)
A Philosophical Commentary (1686)
ADD.
Coke, Sir Edward (1552-1634)
Institutes of the Laws of England (1608)
The Petition of Right (1628)
GSR
Descartes, Réné (1696-1650)
Discourse of Method (1637)
Meditations (1641)
ADD.
Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642)
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic and Copernican (1632)
Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences (1638)
GSR
Harrington, James (1611-1677)
The Commonwealth of Oceana (1656)
Other
The English Revolution
PP with Hobbes, Leviathan (1651)
Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679)
Leviathan (1651)
Behemoth (1668)
Other
PP with Harrington, The Commonwealth of Oceana(1656) and Leveller Tracts and Cumberland, A Treatise of the Laws of Nature (1672)
Hooker, Richard (1553-1699)
Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity (1594-97)
Other
Grotius, Hugo (1583-1645)
The Free Sea (1609)
The Rights of War and Peace (1625)
GSR
LM: Fernando R. Tesón, “Hugo Grotius on War and the State” (Matrch 2014)
Lilburne, John (1615-1657)
The Third Agreement of the People (May 1649)
ADD.
PPwith Hobbes, Leviathan (1651)
Locke, John (1632-1704)
Two Treatises of Government (1680-83)
Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1686)
Letter Concerning Toleration (1689-92)
GSR
Eric Mack, Introduction to Locke’s Political Thought
On John Locke
Debate on The Divine Right of Kings
LM: Eric Mack on “John Locke on Property” (Jan. 2013)
PP with Filmer, Patriarcha (1680)
Milton, John (1608-1674)
Areopagitica (1644)
The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates (1649)
The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth (1660)
Paradise Lost (1667)
GSR
The English Revolution
Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727)
Principia (1687)
GSR
Overton, Richard (1631-1664)
An Arrow against all Tyrants (1646)
ADD.
PP with Hobbes, Leviathan (1651)
Pascal, Blaise (1623-1662)
Thoughts (1669)
ADD.
Pufendorf, Samuel von (1632-1694)
The Elements of Universal Jurisprudence (1660)
On Natural and International Law (1672)
The Whole Duty of Man According to the Law of Nature (1673)
ADD.
LM: “Pufendorf on Power and Liberty” (January, 2017)
Robinson, John (1575-1625)
Farewell Address to the Pilgrims (1620)
GSR
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)
tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth
historical dramas: Richard II, Henry V and Julius Caesar
GSR
LM: John E. Alvis, “The Corrupting Influence of Power in Shakespeare’s Plays” (July 2016)
Sidney, Algernon (1622-1683)
Discourses Concerning Government (1698)
Spinoza, Benedict de (1632-1677)
Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (1670)
Tractatus Politicus (1675-76)
Ethica
ADD.
18th Century [other authors from this period]
Author Source Other Guides
Beccaria, Cesare (1738-1794)
An Essay on Crimes and Punishments (1764)
ADD.
PP with Bentham, Panopticon (1787)
Blackstone, William (1723-1780)
Commentaries on the Laws of England (1753)
On the Nature of Laws in General
GSR
Burke, Edmund (1729-1797)
Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
GSR
PP with Paine, Rights of Man(1791)
Condorcet (1743-1794)
On the Admission of Women to the Rights of Citizenship (1790)
Outlines of an historical view of the progress of the human mind (1795)
ADD.
Diderot, Denis (1713-1784)
The Encyclopedia (1751)
ADD.
LM: “How Radical Was the Political Thought of the Encyclopédie?” (March, 2018)
Ferguson, Adam (1723-1816)
An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767)
ADD.
Gibbon, Edward (1737-1794)
Autobiography (1795)
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776)
ADD.
Godwin, William (1756-1836)
An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1793)
Of Population (1820)
ADD.
PP with Malthus, An Essay on Population (1798)
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)
Faust (1808)
Egmont (1788)
GSR
Hume, David (1711-1776)
Treatise of Human Nature(1739)
Enquiry Concerning the Human Understanding(1748)
Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1751)
History of England (1778)
Essays Moral Political (1777)
GSR
LM “The Place of Liberty in David Hume’s Project” (January, 2018)
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)
Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785)
Critique of Practical Reason (1788)
Perpetual Peace (1795)
Metaphysics of Morals (1797)
GSR
Madison, James (1751-1836)
The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787
Other
Montesquieu (1689-1755)
The Spirit of Laws (1748)
The Persian Letters (1721)
My Thoughts
Other
LM: “Montesquieu on Liberty and Sumptuary Law” (Nov. 2015)
PP with Destutt de Tracy, A Commentary (1806)
Paine, Thomas (1737-1809)
Common Sense (1776)
The Rights of Man (1791)
The Age of Reason (1795)
ADD.
PP with Burke, Reflections on the French Revolution (1790)
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712-1778)
Discourse on Inequality (1754)
Emile (1762)
Social Contract (1762)
ADD.
PP with Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759)
Shaftesbury, Earl of (1671-1713)
Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (1711)
ADD.
Smith, Adam (1723-1790)
Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759)
The Wealth of Nations (1776)
GSR
PP with Rousseau Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality (1754) and Mun, England’s Treasure by Forraign Trade (1644)
Turgot (1727-1781)
Observations on the Importance of the American Revolution (1784)
Reflections on the Formation and the Distribution of Riches (1770)
ADD.
Voltaire (1694-1778)
Philosophical Letters (1733)
Candide (1759)
Philosophical Dictionary (1764)
Toleration and Other Essays
Other
Wollstonecraft, Mary (1741-1820)
A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790)
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
ADD.
PP with Burke, Reflections on the French Revolution (1790)
Political Documents
Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826)
Declaration of Independence (1776)
Rough Draft
Frohnen’s ed.
GSR
Key Documents of Liberty
Topic: The American Revolution and Constitution
Hamilton, Alexander (1757-1804), James Madison (1751-1836), and John Jay (1745-1829)
The Federalist Papers (1787-88)
Other
The Anti-Federalists
Pamphlets (1787-88)
ADD.
United States Constitution (1787) and Amendments (1791)
1787: US Constitution
1791: US Bill of Rights (1st 10 Amendments)
Other
Topic: The American Revolution and Constitution
The Founders’ Constitution (2001)
Key Documents of Liberty
Nineteenth Century [other authors from this period]
Author Source Other Guides
Acton, Lord (1834-1902)
Acton-Creighton Correspondence (1887)
Inaugural Lecture on the Study of History (1895)
The History of Freedom and Other Essays (1907)
The History of Freedom in Antiquity
The History of Freedom in Christianity
The Massacre of St. Bartholomew
The Protestant Theory of Persecution
Other
Bastiat, Frédéric (1801-1850)
Petition by the Manufacturers of Candles (1845)
The State (1848)
The Law (1850)
Economic Harmonies (1851) FEE ed.
ADD.
LM: “Bastiat and Political Economy” (July 1, 2013)
PP with List, National System of Political Economy (1841) and Marx, The Communist Manifesto (1848)
Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832)
Defence of Usury (1787)
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1823)
Plan of Parliamentary Reform (1817)
The Book of Fallacies (1824)
Constitutional Code (1827-30)
Other
PP with Beccaria, An Essay on Crimes and Punishments (1764)
Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von (1851-1914)
Capital and Interest (1884)
Karl Marx and the close of his system (1896)
Other
LM: “Assessing Böhm-Bawerk’s Contribution to Economics after a Hundred Years” (April, 2015)
Burckhardt, Jacob (1818-1897)
Force and Freedom (1847)
Other
Clausewitz, Carl von (1789-1831)
On War (1832)
Other
Constant, Benjamin (1767-1830)
The Liberty of Ancients Compared with that of Moderns (1819)
Principles of Politics Applicable to a all Governments (1815)
ADD.
LM: “Limited Government, Unlimited Liberalism. Or, How Benjamin Constant was a Kantian After All” (May, 2018)
Darwin, Charles (1809-1882)
The Origin of Species (1859)
ADD.
Dicey, Albert Venn (1835-1922)
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885)
Lectures on the Relation between Law and Public Opinion in England (1905)
ADD.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882)
Essays
ADD.
Humboldt, Wilhelm von (1767-1835)
The Limits of State Action (1792)
ADD.
Malthus, Thomas (1766-1823)
An Essay on the Principle of Population (6th ed. 1826)
ADD.
PP with Godwin, Of Population (1820)
Marx, Karl (1818-1883)
Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848)
Capital, vol. 1 (1859)
ADD.
LM: “Marx and the Morality of Capitalism” (October, 2018)
PP with Bastiat, The State (1848) and John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy (1848)
Mill, James (1773-1836)
Government (1815)
Liberty of the Press (1825)
The State of the Nation (1835)
ADD.
LM: “James Mill on Liberty and Governance” (Sept. 2014)
Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873)
Principles of Political Economy (1848)
On Liberty (1859)
Considerations on Representative Government (1861)
On the Subjection of Women (1869)
Other
LM: “Reassessing the Political Economy of John Stuart Mill” (July 2015)
PP with Stephen, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity(1874) and Marx, Das Kapital vol. 1 (1867) and Herbert Spencer, Principles of Ethics (1879)
Say, Jean-Baptiste (1767-1832)
A Treatise on Political Economy (1803)
ADD.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792-1822)
Poems
A Philosophical View of Reform (1820)
ADD.
Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903)
Social Statics (1851 \
The Principles of Sociology (1876)
The Principles of Ethics (1879)
The Man Versus the State (1884)
ADD.
LM: “Herbert Spencer’s Sociology of the State” (November 2014)
PP with John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism (1861)
Spooner, Lysander (1808-1887)
The Unconstitutionality of Slavery (1860)
No Treason I, II, IV (1867-70)
Vices are Not Crimes (1875)
A Letter to Grover Cleveland (1886)
ADD.
LM: “The Significance of Lysander Spooner” (Jan. 2016)
Sumner, William Graham (1840-1910)
Folkways (1906)
The Forgotten Man (1883)
Protectionism (1885)
The Conquest of the United States by Spain (1898)
Democracy and Plutocracy (n.d.)
ADD.
LM: “William Graham Sumner – Liberty’s Forgotten Man” (July 2017)
Tocqueville, Alexis de (1805-1859)
Democracy in America (1835)
The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856)
ADD.
LM: “Tocqueville’s New Science of Politics Revisited” (May 2014)
Webster, Daniel (1782-1852)
Speech on the Draft (1814)
Other
Twentieth Century [other authors from this period]
Author Source Other Guides
Buchanan, James M. (1919-2013)
The Calculus of Consent (1962)
The Limits of Liberty (1975)
LM: “James Buchanan: An Assessment” (March, 2013)
Hayek, Friedrich A. (1899-1992)
The Road to Serfdom (1944)
“The Use of Knowledge in Society” (1945)
The Constitution of Liberty (1960)
Law, Legislation and Liberty (1973)
Other
LM: “Hayek’s Epistemic Liberalism” (September, 2017)
PP with Beveridge Report (1942)
Mises, Ludwig von (1881-1973)
Socialism (1922)
Liberalism (1927)
Human Action (1949)
Other
LM: “Ludwig von Mises’s The Theory of Money and Credit at 101” (January, 2014)
LM: “The Misesian Paradox: Interventionism Is Not Sustainable” (March 2016)
PP with Lenin, The State and Revolution (1917) and Carl Schmitt on Dictatorship (1921)
Read, Leonard E. (1898-1983)
Government, an Ideal Concept (1954) FEE
I, Pencil (1958)
Other
Röpke, Wilhelm von (1899-1966)
A Humane Economy (1960)
Other
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