“That this assembly doth explicitly and peremptorily declare, that it views the powers of the federal government, as resulting from the compact [federal Constitution], to which the states are parties…. that in case of a deliberate, palpable, and dangerous exercise of other powers, not granted by the said compact, the states who are parties thereto, have the right, and are in duty bound, to interpose for arresting the progress of the evil, and for maintaining within their respective limits, the authorities, rights and liberties appertaining to them.”

— The Virginia Resolution, by James Madison, arguing for state and local nullification of federal law when federal law is unconstitutional.