Category Archives: Politics

The Philosophical Foundations of Capitalism

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The greatest era of capitalist development—the last two centuries—has taken place under the ongoing cultural influence of the philosophy of the Enlightenment.

An excerpt from Chapter 1 of Capitalism: A Treatise on Economics, Volume I.

This book shows that the laws and social institutions necessary to the successful functioning, indeed, to the very existence, of the division of labor are those of capitalism. Capitalism is a social system based on private ownership of the means of production. It is characterized by the pursuit of material self-interest under freedom and it rests on a foundation of the cultural influence of reason. Based on its foundations and essential nature, capitalism is further characterized by saving and capital accumulation, exchange and money, financial self-interest and the profit motive, the freedoms of economic competition and economic inequality, the price system, economic progress, and a harmony of the material self-interests of all the individuals who participate in it.

As succeeding chapters of this book will demonstrate, almost every essential feature of capitalism underlies the division of labor and several of them are profoundly influenced by it in their own operation. When the connections between capitalism and the division of labor have been understood, it will be clear that economics, as the science which studies the production of wealth under a system of division of labor, is actually the science which studies the production of wealth under capitalism. Economics’ study of the consequences of government intervention and of socialism will be shown to be merely study of the impairment or outright destruction of capitalism and the division of labor.

1. The Philosophical Foundations of Capitalism and Economic Activity

Economic activity and the development of economic institutions do not take place in a vacuum. They are profoundly influenced by the fundamental philosophical convictions people hold.15 Specifically, the development of capitalist institutions and the elevation of the level of production to the standard it has reached over the last two centuries presuppose the acceptance of a this-worldly, pro reason philosophy. Indeed, in their essential development, the institutions of capitalism and the economic progress that results represent the implementation of man’s right to life, as that right has been described by Ayn Rand—namely, as the right “to take all the actions required by the nature of a rational being for the support, the furtherance, the fulfillment and the enjoyment of his own life.”16 Capitalism is the economic system that develops insofar as people are free to exercise their right to life and choose to exercise it. As will be shown, its institutions represent, in effect, a self-expanded power of human reason to serve human life.17 The growing abundance of goods that results is the material means by which people further, fulfill, and enjoy their lives. The philosophical requirements of capitalism are identical with the philosophical requirements of the recognition and implementation of man’s right to life.

It was no accident that the gradual development of capitalist institutions in Western Europe that began in the late Middle Ages paralleled the growing influence of pro-secular, pro reason trends in philosophy and religion, which had been set in motion by the reintroduction into the Western world of the writings of Aristotle. It is no accident that the greatest era of capitalist development—the last two centuries—has taken place under the ongoing cultural influence of the philosophy of the Enlightenment.

Philosophical convictions pertaining to the reality and primacy of the material world of sensory experience determine the extent to which people are concerned with this world and with improving their lives in it. When, for example, people’s lives were dominated by the idea that the material world is superseded by another, higher world, for which their life in this world is merely a test and a preparation, and in which they will spend eternity, they had little motive to devote much thought and energy to material improvement. It was only when the philosophical conviction grew that the senses are valid and that sensory perception is the only legitimate basis of knowledge, that they could turn their full thought and attention to this world. This change was an indispensable precondition of the development of the pursuit of material self-interest as a leading force in people’s lives.

The cultural acceptance of the closely related philosophical conviction that the world operates according to definite and knowable principles of cause and effect is equally important to economic development. This conviction, largely absent in the Dark Ages, is the indispensable foundation of science and technology. It tells scientists and inventors that answers exist and can be found, if only they will keep on looking for them. Without this conviction, science and technology could not be pursued. There could be no quest for answers if people were not first convinced that answers can be found.

In addition to the emphasis on this-worldly concerns and the grasp of the principle of cause and effect, the influence of reason shows up in the development of the individual’s conceptual ability to give a sense of present reality to his life in decades to come, and in his identification of himself as a self-responsible causal agent with the power to improve his life. This combination of ideas is what produced in people such attitudes as the realization that hard work pays and that they must accept responsibility for their future by means of saving. The same combination of ideas helped to provide the intellectual foundation for the establishment and extension of private property rights as incentives to production and saving. Private property rights rest on the recognition of the principle of causality in the form that those who are to implement the causes must be motivated by being able to benefit from the effects they create. They also rest on a foundation of secularism—of the recognition of the rightness of being concerned with material improvement.

Thus, insofar as production depends on people’s desire to improve their material conditions, and on science, technology, hard work, saving, and private property, it fundamentally depends on the influence of a this-worldly, pro reason philosophy.

And to the extent that production depends on peace and tranquility, on respect for individual rights, on limited government, economic and political freedom, and even on personal self-esteem, it again fundamentally depends on the influence of a this-worldly, pro reason philosophy.

From the dawn of the Renaissance to the end of the nineteenth century, the growing conviction that reason is a reliable tool of knowledge and means of solving problems led to a decline in violence and the frequency of warfare in Western society, as people and governments became increasingly willing to settle disputes by discussion and persuasion, based on logic and facts. This was a necessary precondition of the development of the incentive and the means for the stepped-up capital accumulation required by a modern economic system. For if people are confronted with the chronic threat of losing what they save, and again and again do lose it—whether to local robbers or to marauding invaders—they cannot have either the incentive or the means to accumulate capital.

During the same period of time, as part of the same process, a growing confidence in the reliability and power of human reason led to the elevation of people’s view of man, as the being distinguished by the possession of reason. Because he was held to possess incomparably the highest and best means of knowledge, man came to be regarded, on philosophical grounds, as incomparably the highest and best creature in the natural order, capable of action on a grand and magnificent scale, with unlimited potential for improvement. In conjunction with the further philosophical conviction that what actually exist are always individual concretes, not abstractions as such, and thus not collectives or groups of any kind, the elevated view of man meant an elevated view of the individual human

and his individual potential.

In their logically consistent form, these ideas led to a view of the individual as both supremely valuable—as an end in himself—and as fully competent to run his own life. The application, in turn, of this view of the individual to society and politics was the doctrine of inalienable individual rights, and of government as existing for no other purpose than to secure those rights, in order to leave the individual free to pursue his own happiness. This, of course, was the foundation of the freedom of capitalism. The same view of man and the human individual, when accepted as a personal standard to be lived up to, was the inspiration for individuals to undertake large-scale accomplishments and to persevere against hardship and failure in order to succeed. It inspired them when they set out to explore the world, discover laws of nature, establish a proper form of government, invent new products and methods of production, and build vast new businesses and brand new industries. It was the inspiration for the pioneering spirit and sense of self-reliance and self-responsibility which once pervaded American society at all levels of ability, and a leading manifestation of which is the spirit of great entrepreneurship.

Finally, the ability of economic science itself to influence people’s thinking so that they will favor capitalism and sound economic policy is also totally dependent on the influence of a pro reason philosophy. Economics is a science that seeks to explain the complexities of economic life through a process of abstraction and simplification. The method of economics is the construction of deliberately simplified cases, which highlight specific economic phenomena and make possible a conceptual analysis of their effects. For example, in analyzing the effects of improvements in machinery, an economist imagines a hypothetical case in which no change of any kind takes place in the world except the introduction of an improved machine. The truths established deductively in the analysis of such cases are then applied as principles to the real economic world. Consequently, the ability of economics to affect people’s attitudes depends on their willingness to follow and feel bound by the results of abstract reasoning. If economics is to have cultural influence, it is indispensable that people have full confidence in logic and reason as tools of cognition.

* * *

Not only are economic activity and economics as a science dependent on a pro reason philosophy in all the ways I have described, but also it should be realized that economics itself is a highly philosophical subject, potentially capable of exerting an extremely important pro reason influence on philosophy. As the subject that studies the production of wealth under a system of division of labor, economics deals both with essential aspects of man’s relationship to the physical world and with essential aspects of his relationship to other men. Indeed, the subject matter of economics can be understood as nothing less than the fundamental nature of human society and the ability of human beings living in society progressively to enlarge the benefits they derive from the physical world. For this is what one understands when one grasps the nature and ramifications of the division of labor and its effects on the ability to produce. In this capacity, economics overturns such irrationalist philosophical doctrines as the notion that one man’s gain is another man’s loss, and the consequent belief in the existence of an inherent conflict of interests among human beings. In their place, it sets the doctrine of continuous economic progress and the harmony of the rational self-interests of all human beings under capitalism, which doctrine it conclusively proves on the basis of economic law.

Excerpted from Chapter 1 of Capitalism: A Treatise on Economics, Volume I. Copyright 2020 George Reisman. All rights reserved. The encyclopedic Capitalism: A Treatise on Economics is a required reference for every Capitalist’s library. Reisman’s treatise is now available in two volumes: Volume I (focuses on microeconomic issues) and Volume II (focuses on macroeconomic issues).

The Social Credit System is the Elite’s Means of Control

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Duff Cooper, Viscount Norwich, was the only British minister who resigned over the Munich Agreement of 1938. His autobiography was titled Old Men Forget.

I expect they do, but I remember.

I remember when business, even large business, operated on handshakes without contracts. Business could operate this way because people in those days had good character and integrity. A person who welched on a handshake was finished in business.

I grew up when America was still America. We were taught that you had to be able to look yourself in the mirror every morning. That required that you were truthful and honorable in your relations with others.

Today you can’t look yourself in the mirror unless you have ripped off, to your financial benefit, others. Just read any of the books by Wall Street whistleblowers or government officials about how the system really operates.

Today, lawyers tell me, even iron-clad contracts cannot protect a deal.

Governments confronted with self-serving behavior other than their own are frustrated by the difficulty of organizing people behind the government’s, or its controlling agents’, agendas. China is consolidating control over its population by creating a “Social Credit System.” The Chinese population is monitored in its behavior. A Chinese citizen who disagrees with the government, drinks while driving, or demonstrates any politically or socially undesirable traits and behaviors gets a very low rating that prevents the citizen from traveling abroad, from attending university, from using public transport, or whatever restriction and punishment the government decides to inflict.

This Social Credit System is in the process of being established throughout the Western World It is the hallmark of the Davos World Economic Forum and America’s Department of Homeland Security. Most of America’s global corporations are its champions.

The Social Credit system requires “citizens” to be subservient to government. Such governments are still called “democracies,” but the citizens have no voice. All voices different from the narrative are cancelled.

I do not think the United States as a country can escape this. States with a semi-aware government, such as Florida with Governor DeSantis, have a chance, but past efforts of states to defend their constitutional authority against an invasive federal government have failed.

Notice that the tyrannical Social Credit system is trying to recreate the reliable, predictable old character system, with the difference being that a citizen’s loyalty is not to his character but to the Government’s agenda.

The first step in establishing a Social Credit system is to gain control over the media. This was accomplished during the Clinton regime when six mega-companies were allowed to buy up and concentrate in a few hands 90% of what was an independent media.

The next step is to use fear–9/11, Covid, Russia–to get a fearful and gullible population to agree to the loss of their constitutional protections in order “to be safe.”

Once this is accomplished, there are no constraints on those who wield power. The Constitution becomes a document without authority.

This is precisely the point at which we stand at this moment.

Paul Craig Roberts

Forcing 1 Million Escaped Students Back to the Public School Plantation

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Daniel Greenfield, a Shillman Journalism Fellow at the Freedom Center, is an investigative journalist and writer focusing on the radical Left and Islamic terrorism.

The Great Public School Exodus, as some are calling it, is transforming the educational system.

As the New York Times recently noted, “America’s public schools have lost at least 1.2 million students since 2020.” School systems in woke states were hardest hit. “New York City, the nation’s largest school district has lost some 50,000 students over the past two years” while California lost a quarter of a million students.

The total loss of over a million students leaves public school enrollment at a historic low.

Even while trapped in a failed system, those kids still meant money in the bank for teachers’ unions and the leftist politicians funded by dirty money looted from property taxes. Now that they’re gone, both Democrats and unions want to bring back their property to keep the cash.

Democrats could try to win back the million students and their parents who fled a failing system. They could try to retune schools to better compete with private schools, charters, homeschooling, and other alternative options to the failed public school system.

Otherwise how are you gonna keep ‘em down on the farm now that they’re seen what a  functioning educational system that puts math and science ahead of wokeness looks like?

In the face of parental revolts over efforts to bring graphic sex, racism, and sexual identity grooming into classrooms, Dems could give parents greater control over school curriculums.

Instead they’re trying to destroy any alternative to the system whose teachers fund their party.

Last week, minority parents protested outside the White House against Biden’s new war on charter schools. Even while the media eagerly covered every pro-abortion activist wearing a handmaid costume, 1,000 parents rallying at the White House received virtually no coverage.

Why are minority charter school parents upset?

The Biden administration’s assault on charter schools comes by way of rules which, much like the CDC’s school reopening regulations, were likely written with a great deal of input from the UFT and teachers’ unions, are meant to cut off alternatives to the failed public school system.

After attacking school choice and now charter schools, all that’s left is homeschooling, and educrats have been pushing for “reforms” to crack down or eliminate that option entirely.

Elizabeth Bartholet, the director of Harvard Law’s Child Advocacy Program, described the “homeschooling phenomenon” as a “threat” to society, claiming that conservative parents “homeschool because they want to isolate their children from ideas and values central to our democracy”, “promote racial segregation and female subservience”, and “question science”.

Her paper called for a “presumptive ban on homeschooling, with the burden on parents to demonstrate justification for permission to homeschool.” These views are not fringe.

Other leftist activists are targeting Christian and Jewish religious schools, often under the guise of front groups like the anti-Orthodox Yaffed. Under Cuomo and Bill de Blasio, New York’s Jewish and Catholic schools banded together to resist the leftist assault on their schools.

But the smears and efforts at regulation continue to be mainstreamed among Democrats.

Examples include the “Don’t Say God Bill” (or as its backers call it, Senate Bill S6423 or the Right to Learn Bill) by New York Senator Robert Jackson who boasts of being awarded the highest honor by the United Federation of Teachers which also targets religious schools.

Beyond the obsession with ideological indoctrination, it’s also about following the money.

Teachers’ unions remain a major contributor to Democrat candidates and to the Left’s activist machines, and their members are campaign foot soldiers whose loss would be devastating.

For example, the New York State United Teachers alone accounted for $5.8 million in 2016 spending. The American Federation of Teachers and the National Education Association spent over $35 million in 2020. Beyond that they ran phone banks and got out the vote.

The vast political power bought by teachers’ unions allowed its members to keep schools shut down during the pandemic, destroying the education of an entire generation of students.

The Democrats only forced school reopenings when poll numbers turned catastrophically bad and Virginia turned red. But they still face the problem of over a million missing students.

Enrollment declines also mean that fewer teachers and schools will be needed. And while teachers’ unions routinely fight to minimize class sizes, not because they want to be better teachers, but because they seek to maximize their employment numbers, there’s only so many crooked contracts that can offset a decline of 50,000, let alone 250,000 students.

Unions and Democrats need those kids back in public schools. There’s a lot of money and power riding on it. Declining unions won’t have as much money to give to the Democrats. And fewer teachers will mean less activists manning phone banks or knocking on doors.

Biden is trying to put those escaped students back on the public school plantation where they will be taught nothing except racism and sex, but their bodies will be used to generate cash.

Over the pandemic, white public school enrollment dropped by 8%, while black enrollment only declined by 5%. While black students have fewer options, parents got out when they could. That’s why the Biden administration is going after charter schools, a popular alternative among black parents, and why its allied activists are hitting homeschooling and religious schools.

The common denominator here is getting escaped slaves back to the public school plantation.

Or, as the New York Times puts, “State education officials have appointed a task force to investigate the decline and to try to determine the whereabouts of unaccounted-for students and their reasons for leaving the public school system.” But the reasons are abundantly obvious.

New York took a 6% hit in enrollment, the highest in the country, with California in fourth place, while Florida, Texas and South Dakota had some of the best numbers.

The American Enterprise Institute found that mostly remote schools lost four times as many students as schools that remained mostly in-person. Remote learning was never about public safety, it was one of a million concessions to the corrupt quid-pro-quo influence of unions.

But this was the one that broke the public school system in the only way they care about.

Biden is going to war against parents who opted out of the public school plantation because he and his party desperately need every advantage that they can get in 2022 and 2024. Having already destroyed public education, they’re out to destroy private education too.

Daniel Greenfield

Entitlement May FEEL Good, But It’s Not Good for You

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Over the years, I’ve seen many human relationships that are not everything they could be.  Marriages routinely end in chronic dissatisfaction and eventually divorce. More and more I see people treating one another poorly. I suspect that one reason for that is the idea that we all owe one other something. Not because we promised or freely agreed to something. We just owe them, simply for being alive.

People love to hear themselves say, “We all owe each other. We should all love our fellow man, give back and take care of one another before we take care of ourselves.”  On the surface, it sounds quite virtuous to assume each of us owes mankind something. “All for one, and one for all,” right? Well … maybe not so much: Nobody ever stops to think about how dishonest, disingenuous, hypocritical – and patently impossible – that is. The simple fact is that nobody can or will practice it, short of martyrdom or suicide. It’s nothing more than virtue-signaling: “Look at me! See how compassionate I am?”

Other than having the basic concerns for other human beings, how can we actually love everyone in general? How can we love all mankind the same as we love ourselves or the individuals we cherish? And even more importantly, why should we pretend we do? We’re not supposed to discriminate, and I don’t just mean as a legal matter; I mean it psychologically as well. We’re supposed to love everybody the same. We don’t, but we’re supposed to pretend that we do. There’s the hypocrisy. And when you take that idea to heart, you start to assume that everyone owes you the same thing.  It’s only fair, right? Wrong.

In the contemplatory quiet and privacy of counseling sessions, people frequently say to me, “I don’t mean to be unkind or mean, but….” They apologize for their feelings — even to a therapist — despite the fact their feelings are often grounded in reality and fact. I almost always interrupt at this point to say, “Just be honest. Always be honest with yourself. Put the truth first.” With what resources I have, I’m trying to do my part to preserve the minds and psyches of individuals against the onslaught of unearned guilt created by the false idea that we’re all supposed to love everybody. And 100 percent of the time, those counting on you to believe that poppycock are standing ever-vigilant, waiting to file a claim on your storehouse of guilt.

Rise above this scam: You’re not obliged to love anyone. Not even yourself. Of course, if you want a satisfactory life, it’s necessary to love and value yourself. As an extension of loving yourself, you will love — even cherish — significant others whom you choose to bring into your life. It makes rational sense to be open to such emotions, because the experience of loving/valuing and being loved/valued by another can be immensely rewarding, despite the built-in possibility of pain or loss.

But we’ve got to get past this childish fantasy that we’re all supposed to love everyone the same. It doesn’t even make sense on its own terms, so why foist this guilt on others, especially kids? Even in their immaturity, children with whom I have spoken don’t naturally expect everyone to love everyone the same. In fact, before their minds are poisoned by flawed “education” concocted by the government (standing first in line for your guilty handouts, by the way), children are often the most honest ones. But then they are brainwashed with these absurd fantasies, often carrying them into adulthood to perpetuate the myth, indoctrinate others and perhaps even end up, guilt-ridden, in my office.

The simple prescription for a healthy psychological life is to love yourself, and definitely love others — WHEN AND IF they earn it. Never treat your regard for others as an entitlement anyone deserves. And never treat another’s love of you as something you deserve. Being loved is not a birthright. None of us are entitled to anything, other than the right to be left alone to figure out what to do, whom to love, and how to live. I said it before in my second book, “Grow up, America,” and I’m still saying it now.

Michael J. Hurd, Life’s a Beach

Best College Commencement Advice for New Graduates

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In the coming weeks, students around the nation will hear their names read aloud, walk across a platform and move their tassels to signify graduation from high school or college. After years of working toward receiving their diploma or degree, they are now off to start a new adventure in their lives.

For many of these graduates, there’s the exhilaration of stepping into a new phase – whether it’s heading off to college or starting their careers. And, for others, there may be the apprehension of not knowing what is next.

As a college president, here are five pieces of advice I have for graduating seniors.

1. Savor the moment.he past few years leading up to graduation weren’t easy. They were probably met with tears, frustration, late nights and struggles. When you walk across the stage, cherish the moment. Recognize everything you went through to get where you are today. You deserve to be acknowledged, so enjoy it.

In a commencement address at Howard University in 2018, Chadwick Boseman, the late award-winning actor, said, “So, savor the taste of your triumphs today. Don’t just swallow the moment whole without digesting what has actually happened here. Look down over what you conquered and appreciate what God has brought you through.

2. Step into the day with gratitude Graduation ceremonies go by quickly. Make sure someone takes photos of you when you walk across the stage and with people who have helped you get there. And, take the time to thank every individual who propelled you to where you are today.

(Excerpt) Read more at foxnew

In the coming weeks, students around the nation will hear their names read aloud, walk across a platform and move their tassels to signify graduation from high school or college. After years of working toward receiving their diploma or degree, they are now off to start a new adventure in their lives.

For many of these graduates, there’s the exhilaration of stepping into a new phase – whether it’s heading off to college or starting their careers. And, for others, there may be the apprehension of not knowing what is next.

As a college president, here are five pieces of advice I have for graduating seniors.

(Excerpt) Read more at foxnews.com …

To: Kaslin

I told my son when he graduated that he may have been at the top of his class but when he starts his new job he will be the least qualified in the company. Of course, I had no idea what I was talking about until reality hit that even the high school drop out there new more about what was going on there. It was a necessary humbling experience. His ego took a huge hit. He became a little wiser that day.

2 posted on 5/20/2022, 3:25:15 PM by Dutch Boy (The only thing worse than having something taken from you is to have it returned broken. )

To: Kaslin

What? #1 and #2 in the excerpt and no “GO WOKE” or “DIVERSITY IS OUR STRENGTH” advice? Something is obviously seriously wrong here.

3 posted on 5/20/2022, 3:29:34 PM by ProtectOurFreedom (Wanting to make America great isn’t an insult unless you’re trying to make it worse! ULTRAMAGA!!)

To: Kaslin

Acquire land. Build a home with great thought. Make those your sole investments. Spend your life fortifying it and becoming self reliant.

4 posted on 5/20/2022, 3:36:11 PM by Born in 1950 (Anti left, nothing else.)

To: Kaslin

“To all you graduates, as you go out in the world, my advice to you is… Don’t go! It’s rough out there. Move back with your parents. Let them worry…”

5 posted on 5/20/2022, 3:41:50 PM by Magnum44 (…against all enemies, foreign and domestic… )

To: Kaslin

Congratulations on placing the cost of your education on the backs of the taxpayers. Guess what you just became?

6 posted on 5/20/2022, 3:43:47 PM by Billthedrill

To: Kaslin

Learn a trade like welding.

s.com …

To: Kaslin

I told my son when he graduated that he may have been at the top of his class but when he starts his new job he will be the least qualified in the company. Of course, I had no idea what I was talking about until reality hit that even the high school drop out there new more about what was going on there. It was a necessary humbling experience. His ego took a huge hit. He became a little wiser that day.

2 posted on 5/20/2022, 3:25:15 PM by Dutch Boy (The only thing worse than having something taken from you is to have it returned broken. )

To: Kaslin

What? #1 and #2 in the excerpt and no “GO WOKE” or “DIVERSITY IS OUR STRENGTH” advice? Something is obviously seriously wrong here.

3 posted on 5/20/2022, 3:29:34 PM by ProtectOurFreedom (Wanting to make America great isn’t an insult unless you’re trying to make it worse! ULTRAMAGA!!)

To: Kaslin

Acquire land. Build a home with great thought. Make those your sole investments. Spend your life fortifying it and becoming self reliant.

4 posted on 5/20/2022, 3:36:11 PM by Born in 1950 (Anti left, nothing else.)

To: Kaslin

“To all you graduates, as you go out in the world, my advice to you is… Don’t go! It’s rough out there. Move back with your parents. Let them worry…”

5 posted on 5/20/2022, 3:41:50 PM by Magnum44 (…against all enemies, foreign and domestic… )

To: Kaslin

Congratulations on placing the cost of your education on the backs of the taxpayers. Guess what you just became?

6 posted on 5/20/2022, 3:43:47 PM by Billthedrill

To: Kaslin

Learn a trade like welding.

KENT INGLE

THIS IS WHAT COMMUNISM LOOKS LIKE

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So Biden is going to COMMAND baby formula companies to make more baby formula. If he believes this will work, why did he take so long to do it? It will not work. Baby formula companies don’t need to be commanded to make a profit. The government has screwed things up by creating a labor shortage from its scamdemic, through creating artificial demand via inflation of the currency, from abuse of power by the FDA and many other government-created factors.

THIS IS WHAT COMMUNISM LOOKS LIKE.

Consider the baby formula crisis a taste of what’s to come, not just with baby formula, but with absolutely everything. Unless, of course, we throw the Communists out of office and replace them with people WHO WILL LEAVE US THE HELL ALONE.

Michael J. Hurd, Daily Dose of Reason